. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are released, but their rate of increase has slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, the concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because for many uses CFCs (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) were substituted with HCFCs. While there have been reports of attempts by individuals to circumvent the ban, e.g. by smuggling CFCs from undeveloped to developed nations, the overall level of compliance has been high. In consequence, the Montreal Protocol has often been called the most successful international environmental agreement to date. In a 2001 report, NASA found the ozone thinning over Antarctica had remained the same thickness for the previous three years. , however in 2003 the ozone hole grew to its second largest size. . The most recent (2006) scientific evaluation of the effects of the Montreal Protocol states, “The Montreal Protocol is working: There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances and some early signs of stratospheric ozone recovery.”
Unfortunately, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs. Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful as greenhouse gases, the mere substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use could increase the danger that human activity will change the climate .
See also
Ozone depletion
Kyoto Protocol
Refrigerant
R-134a
Greenhouse Gases
Vienna Conference (1985)
References
^ The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
^ http://ozone.unep.org/Ratification_status/
^ The full terms are available from http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/.
^ Exemption Information – The Ozone Secretariat Web Site
^ Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories. TemaNord 2003:516. http://www.norden.org/pub/ebook/2003-516.pdf
^ The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Replacing Methyl Bromide in Developing Countries. Friends of the Earth, Washington, 173 pp, 1996
^ Guidance on the DOE Facility Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances. 1995. http://homer.ornl.gov/nuclearsafety/nsea/oepa/guidance/ozone/phaseout.pdf
^ http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/1328&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
^ http://ozone.unep.org/Ratification_status/
^ Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/2006/report.html
(referred to as Ozone Layer Protection)
Benedick, Richard E. (1991). Ozone Diplomacy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65001-8 (Ambassador Benedick was the Chief U.S. Negotiator at the meetings that resulted in the Protocol.)
Litfin, Karen T. (1994). Ozone Discourses. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08137-5
http://www.multilateralfund.org/
External links
The Parties involved
The Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol Who’s Who
THE CFC-OZONE PUZZLE:Environmental Science in the Global Arena by F.Sherwood Rowland and Mario J.Molina
The Indispensable Element in the MONTREAL OZONE PROTOCOL by Richard Benedick
The evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion by P. M. Morrisette, Natural Resources Journal 29: 793820 (1989).
Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere? (NOAA Aeronomy Lab)
Doomsday Dj vu: Ozone Depletion’s Lessons for Global Warming by Ben Lieberman
Halon and the Ozone Layer
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6292142/Brief-on-Hydro-Chlorofluorocarbons
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A huge crowd at Candlestick Park is on hand to catch the Expos visiting the Giants. Monte Moore and Wes Parker call the action. This game was originally aired on USA Network as part of their baseball package in the early 1980s. Included at the end is a Lite Beer commercial featuring the first ever Lite Beer Softball Game.
